Reference: Physical
Review Fluids 6, L112601 (2021) 
URL: https://journals.aps.org/prfluids/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevFluids.6.L112601
Abstract:
Three-dimensional turbulence is usually studied experimentally
by using a spatially localized forcing at large scales (e.g. via
rotating blades or oscillating grids), often in a deterministic
way. Here, we report an original technique where the fluid is
forced in volume, randomly in space and time, using small
magnetic particles remotely driven. Such a forcing generates
almost no mean flow and is closer to those of direct numerical
simulations of isotropic homogeneous turbulence. We compute the
energy spectra and structure functions using local and
spatiotemporal flow velocity measurements. The energy
dissipation rate is also evaluated consistently in five
different ways. Our experimental results confirm the stationary,
homogeneous and isotropic features of such turbulence, and in
particular the Tennekes' model for which the Tennekes' constant
is experimentally estimated.
